Genomic Analysis of Immune Response against Vibrio Cholerae Hemolysin in Caenorhabditis elegans

Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is among the accessory V. cholerae virulence factors that may contribute to disease pathogenesis in humans. VCC, encoded by hlyA gene, belongs to the most common class of bacterial toxins, known as poreforming toxins (PFTs). V. cholerae infects and kills Caenorhabditis elegans via cholerae toxin independent manner. VCC is required for the lethality, growth retardation and intestinal cell vacuolation during the infection. However, little is known about the host gene expression responses against VCC. To address this question we performed a microarray study in C. elegans exposed to V. cholerae strains with intact and deleted hlyA genes. Many of the VCC regulated genes identified, including C-type lectins, Prion-like (glutamine [Q]/asparagine [N]-rich)-domain containing genes, genes regulated by insulin/ IGF-1-mediated signaling (IIS) pathway, were previously reported as mediators of innate immune response against other bacteria in C. elegans. Protective function of the subset of the genes up-regulated by VCC was confirmed using RNAi. By means of a machine learning algorithm called FastMEDUSA, we identified several putative VCC induced immune regulatory transcriptional factors and transcription factor binding motifs. Our results suggest that VCC is a major virulence factor, which induces a wide variety of immune response- related genes during V. cholerae infection in C. elegans

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 12

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. This issue contains an editorial lamenting the presence of State Police Officers at the Victory Dance the previous weekend. In addition to approximately 250 women bussed in from surrounding communities, blue uniformed proponents of the law were thicker than ants at a picnic

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 13

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. Amid the coverage in this issue is a retrospective piece discussing the Brunswick Annex campus at Brunswick Naval Air Base

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 8

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. Borrowing from the University of Maine, Orono campus, the Brunswick campus sponsored the election of a student Mayor as part of the spring dance escapades. Promotion of dance night activities includes the promise of plentiful women attending

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 7

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. Front-page interests in this issue revolve around sports, women, and the creation of a student dance band, and attracting women to campus by staging dances

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 10

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. The start of a funding drive to build the Memorial Union on the University of Maine, Orono campus, is covered in this issue of The Maine Annex. The Union is to be dedicated to 175 UMaine Alumni war dead. Following World War II, the federal G.I. Bill enabled approximately 2.3 million, predominantly white male Veterans to receive a post-secondary education. To accommodate increased enrollment, in 1946 the University of Maine established the Brunswick Campus at the former Brunswick Naval Air Station. The remote campus operated until spring 1949, when Veteran registrations waned

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 11

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. Following World War II, the federal G.I. Bill enabled approximately 2.3 million, predominantly white male Veterans to receive a post-secondary education. To accommodate increased enrollment, in 1946 the University of Maine established the Brunswick Campus at the former Brunswick Naval Air Station. The remote campus operated until spring 1949, when Veteran registrations waned. Page two discussions in this issue orbit the issue of G.I. Subsistence, from James McNiff\u27s article examining the discrepancy between the increased cost of living in the U.S. and the inadequate amount of money allocated through the Veterans subsistence allowance to commentary about the persistently, poor quality of food provided to students by the University in exchange for their money

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 9

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. Coverage in this issue emphasizes Veterans issues, including a story about the distribution of one million surplus textbooks from the Army and Navy special training programs to Veterans attending institutions nationwide

The Maine Annex, vol. 1, no. 11

The Maine Annex, published by the students of the University of Maine at the Brunswick Campus, was launched January 10, 1947. Editors introduced the publication as the product of a group of progressive students attending the Brunswick Campus. The goal of the publication, according to editors, was to tell the story of our life on this campus. The four-page, tabloid-sized paper included display advertising from area businesses. Following World War II, the federal G.I. Bill enabled approximately 2.3 million, predominantly white male Veterans to receive a post-secondary education. To accommodate increased enrollment, in 1946 the University of Maine established the Brunswick Campus at the former Brunswick Naval Air Station. The remote campus operated until spring 1949, when Veteran registrations waned. Page two discussions in this issue orbit the issue of G.I. Subsistence, from James McNiff\u27s article examining the discrepancy between the increased cost of living in the U.S. and the inadequate amount of money allocated through the Veterans subsistence allowance to commentary about the persistently, poor quality of food provided to students by the University in exchange for their money